![]() Second, EAR motif-containing proteins can function as transcription regulators (TRs) regulating the functional status of the transcriptional activators by directly or indirectly binding to them. AtERF7 can also interact with AtSIN3 to recruit AtHDA19 to form the HDAC complex and repress gene transcription ( Song et al., 2005). Obvious examples are AtERF3 and AtERF4, which can be bound by AtSAP18 and recruit AtHDA19 to form the HDAC complex to repress gene expression ( Fujimoto et al., 2000 McGrath et al., 2005 Yang et al., 2005). Several members of the ERF family contain the DLNxxP type EAR motif and play important roles in active repression. EAR motif-containing proteins can recruit a histone deacetylase (HDAC) complex to perform transcriptional repression functions by interacting with co-suppressors, such as SAP18 and TOPLESS, in Arabidopsis thaliana ( Song et al., 2005 Song and Galbraith, 2006 Hill et al., 2008 Causier et al., 2012). First, EAR motif-containing proteins can serve as transcription factors (TFs), thus binding to the promoter region of genes, affecting chromatin structure by histone modifications, and thereby repressing gene transcription. There are two separate ways for EAR motif-containing proteins to regulate gene transcription ( Kagale and Rozwadowski, 2011). EAR motif-mediated transcriptional repression is the main form of transcriptional repression identified in plants thus far ( Kagale and Rozwadowski, 2011 Causier et al., 2012 Ma et al., 2017 Wu and Citovsky, 2017 Choi et al., 2018). In addition, basing on the identified EAR motif-containing proteins, we also explored their distribution in various species and found that the numbers of EAR motif-containing proteins showed an increasing trend in evolution from algae to angiosperms.ĮAR motifs, which were initially identified in members of the Arabidopsis ethylene response factor (ERF) family, are emerging as transcriptional repression motifs in plants ( Ohta et al., 2001). Several tools were provided as functional support for EAR motif-containing proteins, such as browse, search, co-expression and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis as well as cis-element analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). In this study, we identified 20,542 EAR motif-containing proteins from 71 plant species based on a Hidden Markov Model and orthologous gene search, and then we constructed a functional analysis platform for plant EAR motif-containing proteins (PlantEAR, ) by integrating a variety of functional annotations and processed data. EAR motif-containing proteins are highly conserved across diverse plant species and play important roles in hormone signal transduction, stress responses and development, but they have not been identified in most plants. EAR motif-containing proteins can function as transcription repressors, thus interacting with co-repressors, such as TOPLESS and AtSAP18, affecting the structure of chromatin by histone modifications and thereby repressing gene transcription. The Ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated Amphiphilic Repression (EAR) motifs, which were initially identified in members of the Arabidopsis ethylene response factor (ERF) family, are transcriptional repression motifs in plants and are defined by the consensus sequence patterns of either LxLxL or DLNxxP. State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.Jiaotong Yang, Yue Liu, Hengyu Yan, Tian Tian, Qi You, Liwei Zhang, Wenying Xu * and Zhen Su *
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